Nanomaterials are materials whose grain size is in the order of a few tens of nano meters. Nanotechnology is leading generation to newer scopes which ranges from healthcare to defense. The main problem encountered by nanomaterial researchers is the difficulty in synthesizing ultrapure fine particles. The different synthesis tools are high energy ball milling, chemical coprecipitation, sol gel, self assembly, chemical evaporation, vacuum physical evaporation, magnetic sputtering, lithography, spray pyrolysis, chemical bath deposition, plasma coating etc. Optimum conditions have to be designed in each method by trial and error methods. On obtaining pure material, first step is to confirm the size using Transmission electron micrograph, scanning electron micrograph and X-ray diffraction methods. Chemical composition can be verified by EDX method or AAS (Atomic absorption studies). Some additional tools for the study of nanomaterials are Mossbauer studies, VSM (vibration sample magnetometry) studies, dielectric studies, conductivity studies, stress-strain studies etc. SQUID (Superconducting quantum interference device) can be used for the characterization of magnetic samples. Electron scattering, neutron scattering and ion scattering are some additional characterization tools.
